What is included in the WHO PHSM Bibliographic Library

Eligibility criteria

The PHSM Bibliographic Library includes articles on Public Health and Social Measures for emergencies stemming from 23 priority diseases which is informed by the WHO publication, Managing epidemics: key facts about major deadly diseases, 2nd edition. The diseases considered are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. List of diseases considered in the WHO PHSM Knowledge Hub
Lassa fever
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
Yellow fever
Chikungunya
Dengue fever
COVID-19
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
Ebola
Influenza pandemic
Seasonal influenza
Animal influenza
Mpox (monkeypox)
Zika
Malaria
Cholera
Plague
Leptospirosis
Meningococcal meningitis
Poliomyelitis
HIV
Tuberculosis
Hepatitis
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Public Health and Social Measures are defined as:

Non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented by individuals, communities, governments and institutions at global, regional, national and community levels to protect the health and well-being of communities affected by health emergencies. PHSM reduce the risk and scale of transmission of infectious diseases by reducing transmission-relevant exposures and/or making them safer.

PHSM are categorized by five first-level categories based on the WHO PHSM conceptual framework.

1st level PHSM category	2nd level PHSM category and High-level indicator
Active case finding and contact identification measures Systems and actions implemented to identify, track and manage potential and confirmed cases of disease. This may include case finding, testing and contact tracing as well as isolation (i.e., to separate individuals with a confirmed or suspected infection) and quarantine (i.e., to separate individuals with an increased risk of infection from those at risk of becoming infected).	1. Active case finding 1.2. Screening for symptoms 1.3. Screening 1.4. Contact tracing 2. Case specific measures 2.1. Isolation 3. Contact specific measures 3.1. Quarantine
Personal protection measures Measures comprising personal protective equipment as well as personal hygiene behaviours that reduce the risk of individuals transmitting and/or becoming infected with a pathogen with epidemic or pandemic potential.	4. Personal protective equipment 4.1. Masks 4.2. Gloves 4.3. Face shields 4.4. Bed nets 4.5. Long/protective clothing 4.6. Barriers for safer sex 4.7. Repellents 5. Personal hygiene measures 5.1. Hand hygiene 5.2. Respiratory etiquette 5.3. Food safety measures 5.4. Safe handling of personal equipment and supplies 5.5 Safe breastfeeding practices
Environmental measures Measures targeting the physical infrastructure/environment including the human-animal interface through modifications, re-purposing and/or appropriately maintaining existing or newly set up structures to limit transmission of a pathogen with epidemic or pandemic potential.	6. Physical infrastructure 6.1. Physical barriers (e.g., plexiglass screens, room dividers) 7. Vector control 7.1. Building/housing modification (e.g., window screens, closure of eaves) 7.2. Spraying (indoor residual / outdoor spraying) 7.3. Reservoir control (e.g., drain stagnant and standing water, cover water containers) 8. Water and sanitation safety 8.1. Disinfection of safe drinking water 8.2. Modification of access to safe drinking water 8.3. Wastewater management 8.4 Solid waste management 9. Surface cleaning 9.1. Safe handling of equipment and supplies 9.2. Surface disinfection 9.3. Surface decontamination 10. Indoor air quality 10.1. Ventilation 10.2. Air filtering 10.3. Humidity control 11. Animal-human interface 11.1. Culling 11.2. Safe handling of carrion and infected livestock/animals 11.3. Regulation of animal movement and products 11.4. Livestock quarantine 11.5. Livestock isolation 11.6. Restriction of farming, fishing, hunting and/or selling of animals
Social measures Measures at national and sub-national level comprising (i) the modification of social interactions between individuals and groups of people (including gatherings), (ii) the adaptation, cancellation and/or modified timing of services or activities, and (iii) the adaptation or restriction of movement within gathering and between specific settings and within or across national borders.	12. Social interactions and gatherings modifications 12.1. Physical distancing (incl flow and density) 12.2. Restrictions of private gatherings /mass gatherings 12.3. Restrictions of public gatherings/mass gatherings 13. Domestic mobility 13.1. Stay-at-home order/curfew/movement restrictions 13.2. Restrictions of public transport services 13.3. Restrictions of movement (e.g., max. radius from home) 13.4. Entry restrictions (e.g., for districts, zones, settlements) 13.5. Exit restrictions (e.g., for districts, zones, settlements) 14. Modifications to activities and services 14.1. Modification to access (e.g., closure of schools or businesses, restricted access to individuals with vaccination certificates/ individuals tested negative, extending holidays for schools, etc.) 14.2. Modification to types of activities (e.g., distance/online learning/teleworking, online/remote provision of services, cancellation of school meals) 14.3. Safe burial
International travel and trade measures Measures following a risk-based approach to reduce the travel- and trade-associated exportation, importation and onward transmission of a pathogen with epidemic or pandemic potential across borders.	15. Trade measures for imported goods 15.1. Restriction 15.2. Ban 15.3. Inspection 16. Trade measures for exported goods 16.1. Restriction 16.2. Ban 16.3. Inspection 17. Travel related screening/testing 17.1. Exit/entry screening for symptoms 17.2. Exit/entry screening for vaccination/immunity 17.3. Exit/entry screening for travel/contact history 17.4. Exit/entry testing for infection 18. Border measures 18.1. Ban on entry 18.2. Ban on exit 18.3. Entry restriction 18.4. Exit restriction 19. Upon arrival quarantine 19.1. Home quarantine 19.2. Hotel / non-healthcare facility / institutional quarantine 19.3. Healthcare facility quarantine 20. Travel advice/warning 20.1. Travel advice 20.2. Travel warning

* The PHSM Bibliographic Library does not store full-text articles. Instead, it provides essential bibliographic information, enabling users to explore, search, and identify relevant literature. Users can then locate, download, and utilize the full-text articles through external sources.

Search methods

Search sources

The PHSM Bibliographic Library is built and maintained through automated and manual searches across several sources, including electronic databases, preprint repositories, trial registries, and other relevant sources.

During the pilot phase, not all the sources are active. The following sources will be regularly searched when the PHSM Bibliographic Library is fully functional.

Electronic databases

Pubmed
EMBASE
Epistemonikos database
CINAHL (The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)
PsycINFO
LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde)
IRIS (WHO Institutional Repository for Information Sharing)
IRIS PAHO (PAHO Institutional Repository for Information Sharing)
IBECS (Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud)
MDPI
GIM (Global Index Medicus)

Preprint servers

MedRxiv
Social Science Research Network (SSRN)
Researchsquare
SSRN (via Crossref)
SciELO Preprints (via LILACS)
bioRxiv Pre-Print

Trial registries

Clinicaltrials.gov
International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN)
EU Clinical Trials Register (EUCTR)
Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT)
International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Search Portal
NIPH Clinical Trials Search (Japan) - Japan Primary Registries Network (JPRN) (JapicCTI, JMACCT CTR, jRCT, UMIN CTR)
University hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR)
JRCT - Japan Registry of Clinical Trials
JAPIC Clinical Trials Information
Clinical Research Information Service (CRiS), Republic of Korea
ANZCTR - Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry
ReBec - Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry
CTRI - Clinical Trials Registry - India
RPCEC - Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials
DRKS - German Clinical Trials Register
LBCTR - Lebanese Clinical Trials Registry
TCTR - Thai Clinical Trials Registry
NTR - The Netherlands National Trial Register
PACTR - Pan African Clinical Trial Registry
REPEC - Peruvian Clinical Trial Registry
SLCTR - Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry
Clinical Trials Information System (CTIS), European Medicines Agency
International Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Registry (ITMCTR)
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry

Other sources

China CDC Weekly

Search strategies

The search strategy combines terms for the ‘disease’ component and the ‘PHSM intervention’ component of the PHSM Bibliographic Library.
The ‘disease’ component includes terms to identify articles addressing infectious disease public health emergencies in general (e.g. general terms like epidemic, pandemic, outbreak), and terms to capture the individual diseases listed above.

The ‘PHSM interventions’ component includes terms to capture PHSM in general and the different categories, subcategories and individual measures included in the WHO PHSM conceptual framework. See Table 2

Figure 1. Venn diagram for the components of the PHSM Bibliographic Library.

The specific search strings to capture the different concepts are reported in Tables 3 and 4. They have been adapted to the search syntax of each source. The information is obtained from the sources using different technology solutions, such as querying available APIs, subscribing to RSS feeds, parsing .csv files posted on websites and running traditional manual searches.

The records are deduplicated and cleaned using the proprietary software of Epistemonikos Foundation. Inclusion in the repository is not restricted by study design, language or publication status.

Table 3. Diseases search strings

	Diseases - search term	Search strategy
#1	PHSM diseases	pandemi* OR PHEIC OR ((outbreak* OR epidemic* OR infectious) AND (emergenc OR hazard* OR threat* OR "high-threat"))
#2	Lassa fever	lassa* OR LASV
#3	Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever	((crimea* OR congo) AND (hemorrhagic OR haemorrhagic* OR fever)) OR CCHF
#4	Yellow fever	"yellow fever" OR "yellow jack" OR (yellow* AND fever*)
#5	Chikungunya	chikung* OR CHIKV
#6	Dengue fever	dengue* OR DENV*
#7	Coronavirus	coronavir* OR coronovirus* OR betacoronavir* OR "beta-coronavirus" OR "beta-coronaviruses" OR "corona virus" OR "corono virus" OR hcov* OR "n-cov" OR ncov* OR sars* OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome"
#8	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome	(((severe AND acute AND respiratory) OR SARS) AND coronavir*) OR SARSCoV OR "SARS-CoV" OR "SARS-CoV-1"
#9	COVID-19	covid* OR coronavir* OR coronovir* OR betacoronavir* OR "beta-coronavirus" OR "corona virus" OR "corono virus" OR neocoronavir* OR hcov* OR "2019-ncov" OR cv19* OR "cv-19" OR "cv 19" OR "n-cov" OR ncov* OR (wuhan* AND (virus OR viruses OR viral)) OR "cv-19" OR sars* OR sari OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome" OR antisars* OR anti-sars* OR "corona patients" OR pandemi* OR "with-covid-19" OR "with-covid" OR "anti-covid-19"
#10	Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	"middle east respiratory syndrome" OR "middle-east respiratory syndrome" OR mers OR MERSCoV* OR "MERS-CoV"
#11	Ebola	ebola* OR ebov*
#12	Influenza	influenz* OR flu OR influenz* OR "epidemic-bronchitis" OR "epidemic bronchitis"
#13	Influenza pandemic	((influenz* OR flu OR "epidemic-bronchitis" OR "epidemic bronchitis") AND pandemi) OR ((1918* OR Spanish) AND (influenz OR flu OR H1N1* OR "H1 N1" OR AH1N1* OR "A H1N1")) OR "great influenza" OR ((1957* OR Asian) AND (influenz OR flu OR H2N2* OR "H2 N2" OR AH2N2* OR "A H2N2")) OR ((1968* OR "Hong Kong") AND (influenz* OR flu OR H3N2* OR "H3 N2" OR AH3N2* OR "A H3N2")) OR ((1977* OR Russian) AND (influenz OR flu OR H1N1* OR "H1 N1" OR AH1N1* OR "A H1N1")) OR ((2009* OR swine) AND (influenz OR flu OR H1N1* OR "H1 N1" OR AH1N1* OR "A H1N1"))
#14	Seasonal influenza	seasonal* AND (influenz* OR flu OR "epidemic-bronchitis" OR "epidemic bronchitis")
#15	Animal influenza	(zoono* OR animal* OR avian* OR bird) AND (influenz OR flu OR "epidemic-bronchitis" OR "epidemic bronchitis")
#16	Mpox (monkeypox)	mpox* OR monkeypox* OR "monkey pox" OR "smallpox-like" OR MPV OR MPXV* OR hMPXV* OR “MPX-virus”
#17	Zika	zika* OR zikv* OR zkv*
#18	Malaria	malari* OR plasmodi*
#19	Cholera	choler*
#20	Plague	plague* OR yersinia* OR pestis
#21	Leptospirosis	leptospir* OR weil* OR "anti-leptospira"
#22	Meningococcal meningitis	((neisseria AND mening) OR meningococ) AND (meningit* OR meningoencephaliti* OR "nuchal rigidity")
#23	Poliomyelitis	poliomyelitis* OR polio*
#24	HIV	HIV* OR (((human AND (virus OR syndrome)) OR acquired) AND (immunodeficiency OR "immuno-deficiency" OR "immune-deficiency" OR immunedeficiency OR "immune deficiency")) OR (AIDS* AND (immunodeficiency OR "immuno-deficiency" OR "immune-deficiency" OR immunedeficiency OR "immune deficiency" OR infection OR epidemic OR pandemic OR stigma)) OR PLWHIV* OR PLHIV* OR "tb-hiv" OR tbhiv OR “AIDS-HIV”
#25	Tuberculosis	tuberculosis* OR tb OR ltbi OR "r-tb" OR "anti-tuberculosis” OR MDRTB*
#27	Viral hepatitis	((virus* OR viral) AND hepatiti) OR "hepatitis B" OR "hepatitis-B" OR "hep B" OR "hep-B" OR HBV OR "hepatitis E" OR "hepatitis-E" OR HEV
#28		#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26

Table 4. PHSM search strings

	PHSM categories - search terms	Search strategy
#1	Public Health and Social Measures	phsm OR phsms OR "social measure" OR "social measures" OR ((nonpharmac* OR nondrug* OR nonmedical* OR "non-pharmacological" OR "non pharmacological" OR "non-pharmacologic" OR "non pharmacologic" OR "non-drug" OR "non drug" OR "non-medical" OR "non medical" OR "non-pharmaceutical" OR "non pharmaceutical" OR "public health" OR "emergency response" OR "emergency control" OR "outbreak response" OR "outbreak control" OR government* OR societal* OR mitigation*) AND (interventions OR approaches OR measures OR countermeasures OR strategies OR policies OR methods OR modalities OR options))
#2	Active case finding and contact identification measures	(early* OR preemptive* OR timely* OR proactive) AND (diagnos OR surveillance* OR identification* OR detect* OR recognition* OR screening* OR monitoring) AND (public OR population OR presymptomatic* OR PH OR PHSM)
#3	Active case finding	(case* AND (finding* OR detection*)) OR "case-finding" OR "case-detection"
#4	Contact tracing	(contact* AND (trace* OR tracing* OR track*)) OR "contact-tracing" OR "contact tracing" OR "cluster investigation" OR "case investigation" OR "cluster buster" OR "cluster detection"
#5	Screening	screen* OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR checkup* OR "health control" OR inspection* OR (early* AND (detec* OR program)) OR ((asymptomatic OR "symptom-free" OR symptomless* OR "without symptoms" OR "non-symptomatic" OR "non symptomatic" OR presymptom* OR "pre-symptomatic") AND diagnos*)
#6	Screening for symptoms	(screen* OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR checkup* OR "health control" OR inspection* OR (early* AND (detec* OR program)) OR ((asymptomatic OR "symptom-free" OR symptomless* OR "without symptoms" OR "without any symptoms" OR "non-symptomatic" OR "non symptomatic" OR "has no symptoms" OR presymptom* OR "pre-symptomatic") AND diagnos)) AND (symptom OR complain*)
#7	Case specific measures	containment* AND (area* OR community*)
#8	Isolation	isolation* OR confinement*
#9	Contact specific measures	containment* AND (area* OR community*)
#10	Quarantine	quarantin*
#11	Personal protection measures	(individual OR personal OR protective* OR selfprotection* OR "self-protection" OR "self protection" OR selfcare* OR "self-care" OR "self care") AND (measures OR practices OR strategies OR precautions OR protection OR preparations)
#12	Personal hygiene measures	personal* AND (hygiene* OR wash* OR clean*)
#13	Food safety measures	(food* AND (safe* OR contaminat* OR hygien* OR poisoning)) AND (handl OR worker* OR cater* OR preparer* OR personnel*)
#14	Hand hygiene	(hand* AND (hygien* OR wash* OR rub* OR scrub)) OR handwash OR "hand-washing" OR handrub* OR "hand-hygiene"
#15	Respiratory etiquette	((cough* OR respiratory) AND etiquette) OR ((cough* OR sneeze) AND cover) OR (dispos* AND tissues)
#16	Safe handling of personal equipment and supplies	(dispos* OR chang* OR wash* OR disinfect) AND (clothe OR clothi* OR sheet* OR bedding*)
#17	Safe breastfeeding practices	(breast* AND (feed* OR fed)) OR "breast-feeding" OR "breast feeding" OR breastfed* OR lactati*
#18	Personal protective equipment	(personal* AND protect* AND equipment*) OR PPE
#19	Barriers for safer sex	(use OR user* OR usage OR wear* OR utiliz* OR utilis* OR applicat) AND (((barrier OR device) AND sex) OR condom* OR (cervical* AND cap) OR (contracept AND sponge) OR (diaphragm AND contracept*))
#20	Bed nets	bednet* OR (bed AND net) OR ((net OR curtain) AND (mosquit OR "anti-mosquito" OR aedes* OR antimalarial* OR malaria* OR "vector control"))
#21	Face shields	face* AND shield*
#22	Gloves	glov*
#23	Long/protective clothing	((body* OR "full-body" OR "one-piece") OR ((personal* AND protect* AND equipment) OR PPE OR gown OR suit* OR cloth* OR sleeve* OR coat* OR hood)) OR coverall OR bodysuit* OR Tyvek* OR Hazmat*
#24	Masks	(facemask* OR "face-mask" OR "face-masks" OR "face-masking" OR respirator* OR "facial piece" OR FFR* OR mask* OR facemask* OR "face-mask" OR "face-masks" OR "face-masking" OR ((facial* OR face) AND mask) OR (filter* AND (facepiece* OR mask)) OR "facial piece" OR FFR) OR ((handcraft* OR "hand-craft" OR "hand craft" OR "hand-crafted" OR "hand crafted" OR handmade* OR "hand-made" OR "hand made" OR cloth* OR cotton* OR "non medical" OR "non-medical" OR (neck* AND gaiter)) AND (facemask OR mask)) OR (N95 OR N99* OR KN95* OR "KN-95" OR "KN 95" OR FFP2* OR "FFP-2" OR "FFP 2" OR KF94* OR "KF-94" OR "KF 94" OR FFP3* OR "FFP-3" OR "FFP 3" OR kn99* OR "kn-99" OR "kn 99" OR N100* OR "N-100" OR "N 100" OR FFP4* OR FFP4* OR "FFP-4" OR "FFP 4" OR KN100* OR "KN-100" OR "KN 100" OR (("N-95" OR "N 95" OR "n-99" OR "n 99" OR P2) AND (facemask OR mask*)))
#25	Repellents	repel* AND ((insect* OR mosquit* OR spray* OR topic* OR lotion* OR gel OR gels OR soap* OR cream* OR "roll-on" OR rollon*))
#26	Environmental measures	(environment* AND (measures OR practices OR strategies OR precautions OR protection OR preparations OR sanitation OR hygien*))
#27	Animal-human interface	((animal* OR wildlife) AND human) OR "human-animal" OR "animal-human" OR "animal-to-human" OR "human-wildlife" OR "wildlife-human" OR "wildlife-to-human"
#28	Culling	(culling* OR "herd reduction" OR ((animal* OR poultr* OR livestock) AND removal))
#29	Livestock isolation	(animal* OR cow* OR calves* OR cattle* OR livestock* OR "food animals" OR "production animals" OR (farm* AND animal) OR poultry OR aviculture* OR "avian production" OR (farm* AND (avian* OR bird)) OR "food bird" OR "food birds" OR "meat bird" OR "meat birds") AND (quarantin OR isolation* OR lockdown* OR confine* OR containment*)
#30	Livestock quarantine	(animal* OR cow* OR calves* OR cattle* OR livestock* OR "food animals" OR "production animals" OR (farm* AND animal) OR poultry OR aviculture* OR "avian production" OR (farm* AND (avian* OR bird)) OR "food bird" OR "food birds" OR "meat bird" OR "meat birds") AND (quarantin OR isolation* OR lockdown* OR confine* OR containment*)
#31	Regulation of animal movement and products	(travel* OR movement* OR mobility) AND (restriction OR ban* OR control) AND (animal* OR cow* OR calves* OR cattle* OR livestock* OR "food animals" OR "production animals" OR (farm* AND animal) OR poultry OR aviculture* OR "avian production" OR (farm* AND (avian* OR bird*)) OR "food bird" OR "food birds" OR meat)
#32	Restriction of farming, fishing, hunting and/or selling of animals	(restriction* OR ban OR regulation) AND ((farming OR fishing* OR hunting) OR ((selling OR trade) AND animal*))
#33	Safe handling of carrion and infected livestock/animals	(biosecurit* OR handl* OR manag* OR policy* OR policies) AND (((infected OR dead OR cadaver OR corpse* OR carcass* OR mortem* OR mortu* OR postmort* OR "post-mortem") AND (animal* OR cow* OR calves* OR cattle* OR livestock* OR "food animals" OR "production animals" OR (farm* AND animal) OR poultry OR aviculture* OR "avian production" OR (farm* AND (avian* OR bird)) OR "food bird" OR "food birds" OR "meat bird" OR "meat birds")) OR carrion OR slaughter)
#34	Indoor air quality	((air OR ventilation) AND (quality OR purif* OR filt* OR clean* OR ioni* OR saniti* OR humidifi* OR moisturi)) AND (indoor OR home* OR classroom* OR residential* OR room* OR portable*)
#35	Air filtering	(air* AND (filter* OR filtrat) OR HEPA OR (("high-efficiency" OR "high efficiency") AND particulate AND filter*)
#36	Humidity control	humidifier* OR (air* AND (humidif* OR moisturi*))
#37	Ventilation	((air OR ventilation) AND (quality OR purif* OR filt* OR clean* OR ioni* OR saniti* OR humidifi* OR moisturi)) AND (indoor OR home* OR classroom* OR residential* OR room* OR portable*)
#38	Physical infrastructure	(physical* OR infrastructure) AND barrier
#39	Physical barriers	plexiglass* OR fiberglass* OR (window* AND screens) OR "window screen" OR (door* AND screens)) OR "door screen" OR ((barrier* OR separation) AND physical) OR (sneeze AND guard) OR sneezeguard OR "cough shield" OR "cough shields" OR (room* AND divider*)
#40	Surface cleaning	(objects OR inanimate* OR surface* OR facility OR facilities* OR fomit) AND (sanitiz OR sanitis* OR disinfect* OR decontamina* OR spray* OR cleaning* OR sanitary*)
#41	Safe handling of equipment and supplies	(sanitiz* OR sanitis* OR disinfect* OR decontamina* OR spray* OR cleaning* OR sanitary) AND equipment
#42	Surface decontamination	(objects OR inanimate* OR surface* OR facility OR facilities* OR fomit) AND (sanitiz OR sanitis* OR disinfect* OR decontamina* OR spray* OR cleaning* OR sanitary*)
#43	Surface disinfection	(objects OR inanimate* OR surface* OR facility OR facilities) AND (sanitiz OR sanitis* OR disinfect* OR decontamina* OR spray* OR cleaning* OR sanitary*)
#44	Vector control	vector* AND ( control OR measure* OR manage*)
#45	Building/housing modification	((home* OR hous) AND (modification OR improvement)) OR plexiglass OR fiberglass* OR (window* AND (plexiglass* OR fiberglass* OR screens)) OR "window screen" OR (door* AND (plexiglass* OR fiberglass* OR screens)) OR "door screen" OR (eave* AND clos*)
#46	Reservoir control	(reservoir* AND control) OR "source reduction" OR ((standing OR stagna) AND water AND (drain* OR remov* OR eliminat* OR manage* OR dispos)) OR ((lid OR seal* OR cover* OR protect* OR enclos* OR clos* OR secur) AND water AND container*)
#47	Spraying	(insecticide* AND (application* OR spraying)) OR (residual AND spray) OR ((outdoor OR space) AND spray) OR (larvicid* AND (apply* OR applicat* OR spray)) OR larviciding OR "larval control" OR "larvae control"
#48	Water and sanitation safety	(WASH OR water) AND (safe OR hygien OR sanit* OR safe OR clean OR improv* OR recycl*)
#49	Disinfection of safe drinking water	((disinfect* OR purificat* OR decontaminat* OR sterilizat* OR sterilisat* OR sanitisat* OR sanitizat* OR chlorin* OR treat* OR filtrat) AND ("drinking water" OR (potable AND water))) OR "water treatment" OR chlorination OR "improve water quality" OR potabili*
#50	Modification of access to safe drinking water	((potable* AND water) OR "drinking water" OR "safe water" OR "treated water") AND (collection OR procur OR access* OR conservation*)
#51	Solid waste management	((waste* OR thrash) AND (disposal OR manage)) OR ((waste OR thrash* OR disposal) AND (facilities OR facility OR plant OR center* OR centre* OR site* OR station* OR repositor)) OR landfill OR "waste-to-energy" OR incinerat* OR dumpsite*
#52	Wastewater management	(wastewater* OR "waste-water" OR sewage* OR ((effluent* OR reclamat* OR wast) AND water)) AND (manage* OR decontaminat* OR sanit* OR treat*)
#53	Social measures	((social OR physical) AND (distanc* OR proximity)) OR (movement AND restriction*) OR "social contact"
#54	Domestic mobility	mobility* AND (restriction* OR phsm OR phsms OR "social measure" OR "social measures" OR nonpharmac* OR nondrug* OR nonmedical* OR "non-pharmacological" OR "non pharmacological" OR "non-pharmacologic" OR "non pharmacologic" OR "non-drug" OR "non drug" OR "non-medical" OR "non medical" OR "non-pharmaceutical" OR "non pharmaceutical" OR "public health" OR "emergency response" OR "emergency control" OR "outbreak response" OR "outbreak control" OR government* OR societal* OR mitigation*) AND (interventions OR approaches OR measures OR countermeasures OR strategies OR policies OR methods OR modalities OR options)
#55	Entry restrictions	entry* AND domestic* AND (restriction* OR closure* OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR ban OR bans OR bann* OR prohibit*)
#56	Exit restrictions	exit* AND domestic* AND (restriction* OR closure* OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR ban OR bans OR bann* OR prohibit*)
#57	Restrictions of movement	((internal* OR domestic* OR local OR communit) AND (travel OR movement* OR mobility) AND (restrictionOR ban* OR control)) OR (cordon* AND sanita*)
#58	Restrictions of public transport services	transport* AND (closure* OR closing* OR cancel* OR suspension* OR suspending OR ban OR banning OR "operation modification")
#59	Stay-at-home order/curfew/movement restrictions	(shield* AND vulnerable) OR shielding* OR cocooning* OR confinement* OR lockdown* OR "lock‐down" OR shelter* OR "stay at home" OR "stay-at-home" OR "mass quarantine" OR curfew*
#60	Modifications to activities and services	((educational* AND (facilit* OR institution)) OR school OR "high-school" OR "high-schools" OR "k-12" OR "k12" OR k12* OR universit* OR preschool* OR workplace* OR business OR industry OR enterprise OR company OR outlet* OR store* OR shop* OR business* OR ((food* OR beverage) AND (facilit OR venue)) OR restaurant OR bar OR bars OR pub OR pubs OR cafes OR nightclub) AND (closure OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR "operation modification" OR opening*)
#61	Modification to access	(closure* OR shut* OR closing) AND (establishment OR institutional* OR organization* OR organisation* OR entit* OR premise* OR facility* OR facilities* OR venue* OR space* OR service*)
#62	Modification to types of activities	(digital* AND remote) OR tele OR videoconf* OR (video* AND conferenc) OR remote OR (distance* AND manage) OR "internet-delivered" OR teleeducation OR "tele-education" OR "tele education" OR ((education* OR training* OR teach* OR studying OR learn* OR classroom) AND (remote OR home* OR online OR virtual* OR distance* OR distant* OR internet* OR videoconf)) OR telework OR "tele-work" OR "tele-work" OR ((work* OR offic) AND (remote OR home* OR online OR virtual OR distance OR distant OR internet OR videoconf*))
#63	Safe burial	cadaver* OR corpse* OR carcass* OR mortem* OR mortu* OR postmort* OR "post-mortem" OR cremat* OR tomb OR tombs OR buri* OR bury* OR entomb* OR sepultur* OR forens* OR autops* OR ((body* OR bodies* OR dead) AND (dispos* OR handl* OR deceased* OR (pass* AND away))) OR (human AND remains)
#64	Social interactions and gatherings modifications	(social AND (interaction* OR distance)) OR (gathering AND (modific* OR restrict*))
#65	Physical distancing	gesture* OR "hand-shake" OR handshak* OR ((keep* OR maintain) AND (meter OR metre OR meters OR foot OR feet OR "two-meter" OR "two-metre" OR "2-meter" OR "2-metre" OR "six-foot" OR "6-foot" OR "6 foot")) OR "physical distancing" OR "physical contact"
#66	Restrictions of private gatherings /mass gatherings	private* AND gather*
#67	Restrictions of public gatherings/mass gatherings	crowd* OR gathering* OR restaurant* OR movie* OR cinema* OR theat* OR shopping* OR mall OR club* OR temple* OR church* OR mosque* OR synagogue* OR (sport* AND (center* OR centre* OR events OR event)) OR ((restrict* OR ban OR cancel) AND (mass OR public* OR religio*) AND (event OR events)) OR "mass events" OR "mass event" OR "public event"
#68	International travel and trade measures	(((maritime* OR sea) AND port) OR (land AND border) OR (ground* AND crossing) OR (air AND (travel AND passenger)) OR ((sea OR marine OR water* OR ocean) AND (transport OR travel* OR crossing)) OR travel OR touris* OR transport* OR flight* OR airline* OR ship OR ships OR cruis* OR watercraft* OR boat* OR ferry* OR ferries* OR migra* OR repatriation* OR immigra* OR emigrat* OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR airport* OR airplane* OR seaport* OR harbor* OR "shipping vessels" OR ferrie* OR cruise* OR ship* OR border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR landborder* OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings" OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR flight* OR airline* OR ship OR ships OR cruis* OR watercraft* OR boat* OR ferry* OR ferries* OR (human* AND mobility) OR trade OR trading OR export OR shipment* OR "pre-shipment" OR "pre-export" OR import) AND (ban OR bans OR bann OR restrict* OR control OR regulat* OR policy OR policies OR barrier* OR intervention* OR measure* OR program* OR strategies* OR strategy* OR embargo*)
#69	Trade measures for exported goods	(export* OR shipment* OR "pre-shipment" OR "pre-export") AND (ban OR bans OR bann* OR restrict* OR control OR regulat* OR policy OR policies OR barrier* OR intervention* OR measure* OR program* OR strategies* OR strategy* OR embargo*)
#70	Export ban	(export* OR shipment* OR "pre-shipment" OR "pre-export") AND ( ban OR bans OR bann* OR embargo*)
#71	Export inspection	(export* OR shipment* OR "pre-shipment" OR "pre-export") AND inspect*
#72	Export restriction	(export* OR shipment* OR "pre-shipment" OR "pre-export") AND (restrict* OR control OR regulat* OR barrier*)
#73	Trade measures for imported goods	import* AND (ban OR bans OR bann* OR restrict* OR control OR regulat* OR policy OR policies OR barrier* OR intervention* OR measure* OR program* OR strategies* OR strategy* OR embargo*)
#74	Import ban	import* AND ( ban OR bans OR bann* OR embargo*)
#75	Import inspection	import* AND inspect*
#76	Import restrictions	import* AND (restrict* OR control OR regulat* OR barrier*)
#77	Travel related screening/testing	("point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR travel* OR entry* OR exit* OR airport* OR port* OR harbor* OR landborder* OR border* OR "ground crossings") AND (screen* OR supervision* OR control OR testing OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR inspection*)
#78	Exit/entry screening for symptoms	("point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR travel* OR entry* OR exit* OR airport* OR port* OR harbor* OR landborder* OR border* OR "ground crossings") AND (screen* OR supervision* OR control OR testing OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR inspection) AND (symptom OR complain*)
#79	Exit/entry screening for travel/contact history	("point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR travel* OR entry* OR exit* OR airport* OR port* OR harbor* OR landborder* OR border* OR "ground crossings") AND ((screen* OR supervision* OR control OR testing OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR inspection) AND (symptom OR complain) AND ((travel AND history) OR contact OR carrier* OR household* OR famil* OR "close-contact"))
#80	Exit/entry screening for vaccination/immunity	((human* AND mobility) OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR (air AND travel* AND passenger) OR flight OR airline* OR ((sea OR marine* OR water* OR ocean) AND (transport OR travel* OR crossing)) OR ship OR ships OR cruis OR watercraft* OR boat* OR ferry* OR ferries) AND (screen OR supervision* OR control OR testing OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR inspection) AND (vaccin OR immunization* OR immunisation* OR reactogenic*)
#81	Exit/entry testing for infection	((human* AND mobility) OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR (air AND travel* AND passenger) OR flight OR airline* OR ((sea OR marine* OR water* OR ocean) AND (transport OR travel* OR crossing)) OR ship OR ships OR cruis OR watercraft* OR boat* OR ferry* OR ferries) AND (screen OR supervision* OR control OR testing OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR inspection) AND (febrile OR fever* OR infect*)
#82	Border measures	(border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR (land AND border) OR landborder OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings") AND (closure OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR restriction* OR ban* OR control)
#83	Ban on entry	(border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR (land AND border) OR landborder OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings") AND (closure OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR ban OR bans OR bann* OR prohibit) AND (entry OR inbound OR returning* OR repatriat* OR incoming* OR "re-entrant" OR onward* OR "non-visa" OR nonvisa*)
#84	Ban on exit	(border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR (land AND border) OR landborder OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings") AND (closure OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR ban OR bans OR bann* OR prohibit) AND (exit OR exits OR outbound OR outward*)
#85	Border entry restrictions	(border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR (land AND border) OR landborder OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings") AND (restrict OR limiting) AND (entry OR inbound OR returning* OR repatriat* OR incoming* OR "re-entrant" OR onward* OR "non-visa" OR nonvisa*)
#86	Exit restrictions	(border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR (land AND border) OR landborder OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings") AND (restrict OR limiting) AND (exit OR exits OR outbound OR outward*)
#87	Upon arrival quarantine	(quarantin* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR containment* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR quarantin) AND (entry OR arrival* OR "upon-arrival" OR postarrival* OR "post-arrival" OR "post-travel" OR posttravel* OR oversea* OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR airport* OR (land AND border) OR landborder OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings" OR seaport OR harbor* OR ((maritime* OR sea) AND port*))
#88	Home quarantine	(quarantin* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR containment* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR quarantin) AND (entry OR arrival* OR "upon-arrival" OR postarrival* OR "post-arrival" OR "post-travel" OR posttravel* OR oversea* OR inbound* OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR airport* OR (land AND border) OR landborder OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings" OR seaport OR harbor* OR ((maritime* OR sea) AND port)) AND (domestic OR household* OR home* OR "at-home" OR domiciliary* OR house*)
#89	Hotel / non-healthcare facility / institutional quarantine	(quarantin* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR containment* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR quarantin) AND (entry OR arrival* OR "upon-arrival" OR postarrival* OR "post-arrival" OR "post-travel" OR posttravel* OR oversea* OR inbound* OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR airport* OR (land AND border) OR landborder OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings" OR seaport OR harbor* OR ((maritime* OR sea) AND port)) AND (lodging OR accomodation* OR hotel* OR hostel* OR motel* OR guest* OR overnight* OR "hospitality residence" OR "hospitality residences" OR "non-healthcare" OR nonhealthcare* OR institutional*)
#90	Healthcare facility quarantine	(quarantin* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR containment* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR quarantin) AND (entry OR arrival* OR "upon-arrival" OR postarrival* OR "post-arrival" OR "post-travel" OR posttravel* OR oversea* OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR airport* OR (land AND border) OR landborder OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings" OR seaport OR harbor* OR ((maritime* OR sea) AND port)) AND ((health AND (facility* OR facilities)) OR inpatient OR hospital*)
#91	Travel advice/warning	(travel* OR pretravel* OR "pre-travel" OR foreign* OR abroad) AND (advic OR counsel* OR (motivat* AND (interview* OR counsel* OR therap* OR consult* OR intervention* OR enhance*)))
#92	Travel advice	(travel* OR pretravel* OR "pre-travel" OR foreign* OR abroad) AND (advic OR counsel*)
#93	Travel warning	(travel* OR pretravel* OR "pre-travel" OR foreign* OR abroad) AND warn
#94		#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 OR #34 OR #35 OR #36 OR #37 OR #38 OR #39 OR #40 OR #41 OR #42 OR #43 OR #44 OR #45 OR #46 OR #47 OR #48 OR #49 OR #50 OR #51 OR #52 OR #53 OR #54 OR #55 OR #56 OR #57 OR #58 OR #59 OR #60 OR #61 OR #62 OR #63 OR #64 OR #65 OR #66 OR #67 OR #68 OR #69 OR #70 OR #71 OR #72 OR #73 OR #74 OR #75 OR #76 OR #77 OR #78 OR #79 OR #80 OR #81 OR #82 OR #83 OR #84 OR #85 OR #86 OR #87 OR #88 OR #89 OR #90 OR #91 OR #92 OR #93

Classification process

Automated classification

All articles obtained through electronic searches undergo assessment by automated classifiers and other technologies developed by the Epistemonikos Foundation within the Sustainable Knowledge Platform, tailored to the unique characteristics of the PHSM Bibliographic Library. These technologies encompass artificial intelligence, heuristic classifiers, the reuse of information from studies incorporated into systematic reviews in the Epistemonikos Database, and the utilization of information contributed by users on the Sustainable Knowledge platform, among other approaches.

Human validation

The articles included or excluded automatically may undergo validation by the WHO PHSM team, members of the Epistemonikos Foundation, teams conducting Living Systematic Reviews, and other collaborators at some point. Nonetheless, a considerable portion of articles may not undergo human validation, and users of the PHSM Bibliographic Library should be mindful of this aspect.